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Report the Resolution of a Simulated P-Value

Distinguish a finite permutation estimate from an exact zero and plan enough draws for the intended threshold.

Handle a Shared Comparator in a Multiarm Trial

Prevent repeated control participants from being counted as independent evidence in a pairwise synthesis.

Align multicentre data collection before pooling

Resolve site differences in definitions, timing and implementation before combining study records.

Choose a Negative Control That Can Test a Specific Bias Concern

Connect an auxiliary exposure or outcome to the suspected bias mechanism before interpreting its association.

Verify risk-set sampling in a nested case-control study

Check control eligibility at each case time and preserve repeat selections required by the sampling design.

Keep Model Selection Inside the Inner Cross-Validation Loop

Evaluate the complete tuning process without letting outer test folds influence its decisions.

Check Whether a Likelihood-Ratio Comparison Is Valid

Verify nesting, common data, and regularity before interpreting a difference in fitted likelihoods.

Check the Direction of a Noninferiority Margin

Map the outcome, contrast, and unfavorable boundary before interpreting a noninferiority interval.

Audit What a Nonresponse Weight Adjustment Can Address

Separate sample selection, unit nonresponse and missing questionnaire items before adjusting weights.

Prespecify a One-Sided Alternative Without Hiding Opposite Effects

Choose the tested direction before results are available and report what the test cannot establish.

Review Convergence Before Trusting a Fitted Model

Separate a numerical stopping message from evidence that the intended optimum and uncertainty estimates are reliable.

Check an ordinal proportional-odds analysis

Preserve category order and examine whether one cumulative odds ratio is an adequate summary.